indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
cherry tree; cherry blossom; light pink; fake buyer; paid audience; hired applauder
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
flowering; blooming; blossoming; flowering (of a civilization, talent, etc.); blossoming; blooming
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
fast; quick; early; soon; premature; too soon
such; that sort of; that kind of; no way!; never!
grace (of God); benevolence (of Buddha); assistance; help; effects; influence
indicates a question; indicates an embedded question; indicates an indirect question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
from; since; through (e.g. a window, door); via; because; as; from (as in "made from")
light; bright; bright (colour); cheerful; bright; bright (future, prospects, etc.); rosy
to feel (as if); to have a feeling (that); to have a hunch (that); to feel like doing; to want to do
long (distance, length); long (time); protracted; prolonged
to leave; to go away; to pass; to elapse; to be distant; to send away; to drive off
after (practically) no time; immediately after; just; having no time to
warm; mild; warm (of a colour); mellow; having enough money
spring; springtime; New Year; prime (of life); height (of one's prosperity); adolescence
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
Hokkaido (island, prefectural-level administrative unit)
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
intently; single-mindedly; devotedly; solely; earnestly; with all one's heart
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to force; to compel; to coerce; to press; to impose
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
at; in; at; when; by; with; so
to be excited; to be elated
still; as yet; (not) yet; more; (more) still; at least
garden; yard; courtyard; field (of action); area
thick; deep; kind; cordial; abundant
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
it seems that ...; it appears that ...; is like ...; is similar to ...
rare; uncommon; new; novel; fine; nice
elderly housekeeper; elderly maid; wet nurse; nanny