indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
(national) capital (city); metropolis
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
country; state; region; national government; central government; home (i.e. hometown, home country); province (of Japan)
centre; center; middle; capital; seat of government
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
place; position; location; position; standing; status
within the country; inside the county; domestic; home; internal
biggest; greatest; largest; maximum
town; city; municipal; urban
defense; defence; safeguard; protection
strength; power; proficiency; ability
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to boast of; to be proud of; to take pride in
fort; stronghold; fortification
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen; to come about
outside; exterior; the open (air); other place; somewhere else
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
white; blank (e.g. paper); uncolored; innocent; not guilty; (arch.) bright
protective wall; defensive wall; barrier; bulwark
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
existing (at the present moment); alright; acceptable; to be (usu. of inanimate objects); to have
the rest; the others; in addition (to that); besides that; and so forth; and the like
town; block; downtown; main street; street; road
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
to cover; to hide; to conceal; to wrap; to disguise
like; as; so that; in order that; be sure to; I hope (that)
grey-brown; gray-brown; dun
castle wall; town walls; defensive wall; rampart
three flat objects (sheets of paper, pieces of cloth, etc.); cutting a fish into two boneless fillets and a piece with the skeleton
where; what place; how much (long, far); what extent
if; when; and; as well as; with; together with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.)
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
association (of ideas); being reminded (of something); suggestion
making; producing; appearance (attire, make-up, etc.); build; physique; sashimi
-ian (e.g. Italian); -ite (e.g. Tokyoite); -er (e.g. performer, etc.); person working with ...; man; person
(not) ever; (not) by any means; (not) in the least; (not) in any way; (not) at all
to recognize; to recognise; to deem; to judge; to approve; to deem acceptable; to admit
to try to ...; to be about to do ...; to decide to ...; to take as; to treat as; to use for; to suppose that (such) is the case
old enemy; longtime enemy; arch-enemy; traditional rival; longstanding foe
consciousness; becoming aware (of); awareness; mano-vijnana (mental consciousness, cognizer of sensory information)
result; consequence; consequently; as a result; as a result of; following
will; probably; may; I think; surely; I hope
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
inside; interior; among; within; middle; center; during
continent; continental Asia (esp. mainland China); continental Europe