crime; sin; penalty; sentence; fault; responsibility
from; since; through (e.g. a window, door); via; because; as; from (as in "made from")
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
remuneration; recompense; reward; toll
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
death; (an) out; death penalty (by strangulation or decapitation; most severe of the five ritsuryō punishments)
Bible; the Scriptures; Holy Writ
book; document; calligraphy (esp. Chinese); penmanship; handwriting; letter
prefix for forming ordinal numbers
chapter; section; medal; badge; insignia
occasion; time; section (of a literary work or piece of music); passage; clause; season; term
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
remote place; backcountry; the sticks; hinterland
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have ...-ed; to be ...-ed
the year end; end of the year; last days of the year
inside; interior; among; within; middle; center; during
at; in; at; when; by; with; so
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
earth; ground; place; territory; bottom (of a package, book, etc.); earth (one of the five elements)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen; to come about
river; stream; River; the ... river
et cetera; etc.; and the like; and so forth
to clasp; to grasp; to hold (the answer); to have (e.g. the solution); to seize (power); to hold (the reins)
fishing; angling; change (for a purchase); clickbaiting; trolling; bait
originally; essentially; naturally; in the first place; to begin with
hobby; pastime; tastes; preference; liking
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
this sort of; this kind of; like this; such
time of emergency; (in an) emergency
rod; pole; neck (of a shamisen, etc.); shamisen; beam (i.e. the crossbar of a balance); single line (esp. as a flying formation for geese); penis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
et cetera; etc.; or something; the likes of; for example; for instance
as one would expect; just as you'd expect (from); still; all the same; even ... (e.g. "even a genius")
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
reason; grounds; pretext; excuse; motive
next (to); adjoining; adjacent; house next door; neighbouring house; next-door neighbour
same; similar; (just) like; equal
to hold (in one's hand); to take; to possess; to have; to maintain; to keep; to last