protection; defense; providence; amulet; charm
-ian (e.g. Italian); -ite (e.g. Tokyoite); -er (e.g. performer, etc.); person working with ...; man; person
anthology; collection of works
flame; blaze; flames (of intense emotion, e.g. love, jealousy, anger); passion
route; road; distance travelled in a day; one's ... (age, e.g. 40s, 60s)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
table of contents; contents
-itis (indicating an inflammatory disease)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
traveller; traveler; wayfarer; tourist
I; me; oneself; (arch.) you; (arch.) prefix indicating familiarity or contempt
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
voice; singing (of a bird); chirping (of an insect); voice; opinion (as expressed in words); sound; sense (of something's arrival)
sky; heaven; God; svarga (heaven-like realm visited as a stage of death and rebirth); deva (divine being of Buddhism); top (of a book); sole (of a Japanese sandal)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
silver powder; white sand
to scatter; to sprinkle; to distribute (handbills, etc.); to spread (rumours, etc.); to give the slip; to throw off
in order to (e.g. meet goal); so that; take care (so as); hoping or wishing for something
star (usu. not including the Sun); planet (usu. not including Earth); star (glyph, symbol, shape); star (actor, player, etc.); small dot; spot; star point (in go)
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to fall (e.g. blossoms, leaves); to scatter; to be dispersed; to disappear; to dissolve; to spread
to lean against; to recline on; to lean on; to rely on; to depend on
tobacco; cigarette; cigaret; tobacco plant (Nicotiana tabacum)
to smoke (e.g. pipe); to puff (cigarette)
while; during; while; although; all; both
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
dimly; faintly; absentmindedly; vacantly; idly; aimlessly
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to nail; to knock; to bang (e.g. one's head); to throw (e.g. a rock); to fling
(ship or shipbuilding) timber or plank
to jar; to creak; to grate
sound; noise; note; fame; Chinese-derived character reading
to hear; to listen (e.g. to music); to ask; to enquire; to hear about; to hear of; to follow (advice, order, etc.)
to step on; to tread on; to set foot on (e.g. foreign soil); to stand on; to experience; to undergo; to follow (rules, principles, etc.)
to be heard; to be audible; to be said to be; to be reputed
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to turn one's head; to look over one's shoulder; to turn around; to think back (on); to reminisce; to look back (on)
left hand; left-hand side; left-hand direction; (on) the left
to hold (in one's hand); to take; to possess; to have; to maintain; to keep; to last