indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
altitude; height; elevation; high-degree; high-grade; advanced
10,000; ten thousand; 10^4
metre (unit of length); meter; meter; gauge
sky; the skies; high-altitude sky; upper air
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
thousand years; millennium; (fig.) long time
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
the old days; the past; former times; the past ten years; the past decade
from; since; through (e.g. a window, door); via; because; as; from (as in "made from")
to drift; to float; to waft (e.g. a scent); to hang in the air; to be in the air (e.g. a feeling or mood); to wander; to walk around aimlessly
continent; continental Asia (esp. mainland China); continental Europe
miko; shrine maiden; young girl or woman (trad. an unmarried virgin) who assists priests at shrines; medium; sorceress; shamaness
to pray; to say a prayer; to say grace; to wish; to hope
(fixing) boundaries for religious practices; prohibition (of items, people, spirits, etc. that would hinder Buddhist practice); fence between inner and outer sanctums in a temple; (arch.) short two or three-fold lattice around the front desk of a store; barrier; dimensional barrier
protection; safeguard; shugo (Kamakura or Muromachi period military governor)
to receive; to get; to catch (e.g. a ball); to be struck by (wind, waves, sunlight, etc.); to sustain (damage); to incur (a loss); to undergo (e.g. surgery)
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
at; in; at; when; by; with; so
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
the world; society; sphere; circle; world-renowned; world-famous
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
to subsist; to keep on living
as (i.e. in the role of); for (i.e. from the viewpoint of); apart from ... (used to change the topic); even (e.g. "not even a single person"); thinking that ...; trying to ...
prosperity; thriving; flourishing
name; given name; first name
origin; source; history; originally; from the start; by nature
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
than; rather than; instead of; from; out of; except
promise; agreement; appointment; engagement; convention; rule
song; singing; classical Japanese poem (esp. tanka); modern poetry
in that way; thus; so; the same; so?
to name; to call; to christen; to term
indicates a question; indicates an embedded question; indicates an indirect question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm
already; now; no longer; not any more
also; too; not ... either; (it's not possible) no matter what; although one might wish otherwise
to leave (behind); to leave (undone); to not finish; to save; to set aside; to leave (to someone, esp. after one's death)
to try to ...; to be about to do ...; to decide to ...; to take as; to treat as; to use for; to suppose that (such) is the case
such; that sort of; that kind of; no way!; never!