winter vacation; winter holidays
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
cold (to the touch); chilly; icy; (emotionally) cold; coldhearted; unfeeling
wind; breeze; manner; behaviour; cold; influenza
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
one's body; one's person; oneself; one's appearance; one's place (in society, etc.); one's position
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to shorten; to reduce; to crumple (fabric); to wrinkle; to make (one's body) smaller; to draw in (one's legs)
while; during; while; although; all; both
town; block; downtown; main street; street; road
normal; ordinary; normally; ordinarily; local train; train that stops at every station
going out to shop; going shopping; buying in quantity; buying wholesale; bulk purchasing
to go; to move (towards); to move through; to travel across; to go (well, badly, etc.); to proceed; to do (in a particular way)
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
because; as; since; because of that; therefore; accordingly
house; residence; family; household; lineage; family name
at; in; at; when; by; with; so
care-taking; house-sitting; house-watching; caretaker; house-sitter
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
luggage; baggage; burden; payload (of a packet, cell, etc.)
having; holding; wear; durability; shouldering (an expense); being responsible (for paying)
as (i.e. in the role of); for (i.e. from the viewpoint of); apart from ... (used to change the topic); even (e.g. "not even a single person"); thinking that ...; trying to ...
accompanying (someone); going with; travelling together; the same bank; the said bank
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
expressly; especially; specially; intentionally; deliberately; on purpose
kotatsu; table over an electric heater, with a hanging quilt to retain heat (orig. over a charcoal brazier in a floor well)
from; since; through (e.g. a window, door); via; because; as; from (as in "made from")
to crawl out; to creep out; to begin to crawl
to follow; to come along (with); to accompany; to come with (something); to follow as a result (of); to be incidental (to)
a little; a bit; a little while; a short time; a little way; a short distance
only; merely; approximately; about; just (finished, etc.); as if to; (as though) about to
wonderful; marvelous; strange; strangely enough; oddly enough; for some reason
surely; certainly; without doubt
if; when; and; as well as; with; together with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.)
together (with); at the same time; in one lump; in the same category
snugly; cosily; carefree; easily; freshly made and still warm; imprudently
course; route; course (of study); program; lane (in running, swimming, etc.); course (of action); policy
to choose; to select; to pick (out)
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
but; however; (and) yet; nevertheless; still; for all that
such; that sort of; that kind of; no way!; never!