exception; supernumerary; extra (e.g. performance, item, object, etc.); additional; outsize
compilation (of a text); editing; volume (of a text); completed literary work
if; when; and; as well as; with; together with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
next (to); adjoining; adjacent; house next door; neighbouring house; next-door neighbour
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
preparation; arrangements; provision; getting ready; laying out (e.g. a meal)
new; novel; fresh; recent; latest; up-to-date
honorific/polite/humble prefix
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
many; much; majority (of); greater part (of); mostly; mainly
flower; blossom; cherry blossom; beauty; blooming (esp. of cherry blossoms); ikebana; hanafuda
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
to decorate; to ornament; to display; to exhibit; to mark (e.g. the day with a victory); to adorn (e.g. the front page)
inside; interior; among; within; middle; center; during
there (place relatively near listener); there (place just mentioned); that place; then (of some incident just spoken of); that (of point just raised); (arch.) you
older sister; elder sister
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
bunch of flowers; bouquet
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to put; to place; to leave (behind); to establish (an organization, a facility, a position, etc.); to set up; to appoint (someone to a certain position); to hire
finally; at last; barely; narrowly; gradually; little by little
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
defeat; lost battle; losing a war
house; residence; family; household; lineage; family name
busy; occupied; hectic; restless; hurried; fidgety
from; since; through (e.g. a window, door); via; because; as; from (as in "made from")
(your) daughter; young woman; daughter of a good family
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
representation; agency; proxy; proxy; agent; representative
as (i.e. in the role of); for (i.e. from the viewpoint of); apart from ... (used to change the topic); even (e.g. "not even a single person"); thinking that ...; trying to ...
daily; everyday; days (e.g. of one's youth); every day; day after day
to send; to dispatch; to see (someone) off; to escort; to bid farewell to (the departed); to say goodbye to; to spend (time)
until now; till now; up to now; up to the present; so far
also; too; not ... either; (it's not possible) no matter what; although one might wish otherwise
how; in what way; why; for what reason; cannot possibly; no way