indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
decline; degeneration; decay; waning; ebbing
Ministry of Revenue (Tang-dynasty China)
table of contents; contents
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
plot of land; lot; soil; locality; region; place
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to end; to come to an end; to close; to finish
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
immediately; right away; at once; instantly
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
and; and then; thus; and now; and finally
mostly; ordinarily; probably; most; almost all; ordinary
October; tenth month of the lunar calendar
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to fall (of rain, snow, ash, etc.); to come down; to form (of frost); to beam down (of sunlight or moonlight); to pour in; to visit (of luck, misfortune, etc.)
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
centimeter; centimetre; centi-; 10^-2; sentimental
happiness; blessedness; luck; luckily; fortunately
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
once; one time; temporarily; for a moment; one degree; one tone
end; finish; bounds; limits; delivery date (of a futures contract); finale (of a noh song); end of an act (in jōruri or kabuki)
next; following; subsequent; stage; station
genuine; real; full-scale; full-blown; full-fledged; professional
to begin to rain; to begin to snow
even if ...; even supposing that ...; also as ...; also for ...; also from the position of ...
November; eleventh month of the lunar calendar
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
December; twelfth month of the lunar calendar
village; hamlet; countryside; country; home (of one's parents, etc.); hometown
people; men and women; each person; everybody
to; for; from the standpoint of; as far as ... is concerned
in preparation (for); in case (of); in the lead-up (to)
preparation; arrangements; getting ready; provision; setup; reserving
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to start; to begin; to start up (a business, society, etc.); to open (e.g. a store); to start ...; to begin to ...
good; advantage; sake; purpose; consequence; result