indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
decline; degeneration; decay; waning; ebbing
Ministry of Revenue (Tang-dynasty China)
table of contents; contents
cruel; heartless; violent; intense; very bad; terrible
shaking; shake; unsettledness; instability; existence of multiple spellings, pronunciations, usages, etc. for a single word
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
or; either ... or; maybe; perhaps; some ... and others ...; sometimes ... and at other times ...
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
paving (a road); surfacing (with asphalt, concrete, etc.); pavement
road; path; route; way; distance; journey; road (e.g. to victory)
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
now; the present time; just now; another; more
mere shadow of one's former self; having no trace left (of former glories, talent, looks, etc.); unrecognizable (as the person one used to be); unrecognisable
to be stormy; to be rough; to be rough (of skin); to be chapped; to be ruined; to fall into ruin
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
to descend (e.g. a mountain); to go down; to alight (e.g. from bus); to get off; to step down; to retire; to be granted
left and right; right and left; (asserting) control; influence; one's attendants; people accompanying one
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to advance on; to close in; to march on; to descend on (the enemy); to move towards; to surge forward (crowd, wave of nostalgia, wave, etc.)
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
to rise to the surface; to surface; to stand out (e.g. against a background)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
like; similar to; (I) think (that); (I) have a feeling (that); feels like; feels similar to
root (of a plant); stump (of a tree); root (of a problem, etc.); base
by means of; due to; because of; according to
more and more; all the more; at last; finally; (at the) last moment; worst possible time
chaos; confusion; disorder; chaotic; confused; uncertain
to assume an aspect; to take on an appearance
to be doing; to be in the process of doing
such; that sort of; that kind of; no way!; never!
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to be lost (e.g. luggage); to be missing; to be used up; to be run out; to disappear (e.g. pain); to be lost (e.g. a dream, confidence)
to try to ...; to be about to do ...; to decide to ...; to take as; to treat as; to use for; to suppose that (such) is the case
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
trailer (vehicle); semi-trailer truck; trailer (for a film, video game, etc.)
indifferent; unconcerned; nonchalant; unmindful; inattentive; careless
to trample; to crush underfoot
to advance; to go forward; to precede; to go ahead (of); to make progress; to improve; to deepen
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
one's feeling while riding; comfort (of a vehicle); ride quality