indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
paying back a favour; repayment (of an obligation, kindness, etc.)
outer circumference; perimeter; outskirts; periphery
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
inside; interior; inner part
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
to enter; to come in; to join (a club, company, etc.); to enter (a university, the army, etc.); to be contained (in); to be included (in); to (be able to) fit (in a container, building, etc.)
extent; degree; limit; bounds; (span of) time; (a) distance; the state of
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at; in; at; when; by; with; so
research; study; investigation
cutting edge; leading edge; forefront; tip; end
technology; engineering; technique; skill; art; craft
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
general; universal; ordinary; average; (arch.) the same; (arch.) no different
human being; human; person; character (of a person)
hand; arm; forepaw; foreleg; handle; hand; worker
to be able to do; to be possible; to be good at; to do well; to come into existence; to form; to be made
place; location; room; space; sumo tournament
furthermore; again; after all; more and more; moreover; even more
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
stronghold; inner citadel; base; headquarters
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
existing (at the present moment); alright; acceptable; to be (usu. of inanimate objects); to have
exactly; just; right (when); just (as); just (about to); on the point of
physical distribution; distribution of goods; logistics
economy; economics; finance; (one's) finances; being economical; economy
center; centre; metropolis
medium (size); average (grade, level, etc.); in; within; during; while; currently (doing)
from; since; through (e.g. a window, door); via; because; as; from (as in "made from")
many; much; majority (of); greater part (of); mostly; mainly
enterprise; business; company; corporation
person; someone; human beings; mankind; human (Homo sapiens); (other) people; others
to gather; to collect; to assemble
-ness; indicates assertion; come (on); come now; er; um; indicates scrutiny, critique or mistrust
in spite of; despite; although; nonetheless; nevertheless; but