indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
number one; first; best; most; game; round
getting up early; early rising; early riser; early bird
that's the way it is; yes; is that so?; is it?
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to whiten; to grow light (esp. at dawn); to cool (of a mood); to be dampened (of enthusiasm); (arch.) to decline; (arch.) to weaken; (arch.) to lose its tone (of a musical instrument)
to start; to begin; to start up (a business, society, etc.); to open (e.g. a store); to start ...; to begin to ...
in front (of); before (e.g. a building); before; earlier; (the) front; frontal part; forward
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
to wake up; to sober up; to come to one's senses; to become enlightened
from; since; through (e.g. a window, door); via; because; as; from (as in "made from")
cat (esp. the domestic cat, Felis catus); feline; shamisen; geisha; wheelbarrow; clay bed-warmer; bottom (submissive partner of a homosexual relationship)
rabbit; hare; coney; cony; lagomorph (esp. leporids)
metamorphosis; disguise; transformation; shapeshifting; morphing
pleasant (of a sensation); comfortable; cheerful; happy; smooth (of function); working well
in that way; thus; so; the same; so?
big; large; loud; extensive; spacious; important
behind; rear; after; later; remainder; the rest; more (e.g. five more minutes)
small; little; slight; below average (in degree, amount, etc.); low (e.g. sound); soft (e.g. voice)
to make sound (of an animal); to call; to cry; to make a meld call (e.g. pung, kong)
next (to); adjoining; adjacent; house next door; neighbouring house; next-door neighbour
to sleep (lying down); to go to bed; to lie in bed; to lie down; to sleep (with someone, i.e. have intercourse); to lie flat (e.g. of hair); to lie idle (of funds, stock, etc.)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
suffix for familiar person
still; as yet; (not) yet; more; (more) still; at least
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
half a point (esp. in go)
to open; to undo; to bloom; to unfold; to open (for business, e.g. in the morning); to be wide (gap, etc.); to widen
as (it is); remaining (in a state); with (e.g. one's eyes closed, the light on); while (e.g. standing, alive); as (one pleases, one is told, etc.); according to
greeting; greetings; speech (congratulatory or appreciative); address; reply; response; courtesy visit (to offer condolences, say congratulations, pay respect, introduce oneself, etc.)
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
confirmation; verification; validation; review; check; affirmation
futon; Japanese bedding consisting of a mattress and a duvet; round cushion used for Zen meditation (traditionally made of woven bulrush leaves)
at; in; at; when; by; with; so