oh!; good heavens!; ugh!; oh no!; ah!; the penny drops!
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
Mr; Mrs; Miss; politeness marker
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have ...-ed; to be ...-ed
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
grandfather; male senior-citizen
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
if; when; and; as well as; with; together with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.)
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
handshake; reconciliation; joining hands; cooperation
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to want; to wish for; to request; to demand; to seek; to search for
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
et cetera; etc.; or something; the likes of; for example; for instance
to call out (to); to call; to summon (a doctor, etc.); to invite; to designate; to name; to garner (support, etc.)
discourtesy; impoliteness; excuse me; goodbye; to leave; to be rude
seems; I think; I guess; right?; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
in any case; at any rate; anyhow; because; since; for
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
it is assuredly that ...; can say with confidence that ...; did not ...
from; since; through (e.g. a window, door); via; because; as; from (as in "made from")
but; however; (and) yet; nevertheless; still; for all that
body; physique; shape; form; substance; identity; field
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
endorsing and questioning the preceding statement; lamenting reflections on the preceding statement
light (i.e. not heavy); feeling light (i.e. offering little resistance, moving easily); light (i.e. of foot); effortless; non-serious; minor; slight
the old days; the past; former times; the past ten years; the past decade
how; in what way; how about
indicates a question; indicates an embedded question; indicates an indirect question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm
to know; to be aware (of); to sense; to feel; to understand; to comprehend; to remember
all; completely; totally; entirely; thoroughly
to be due to; to be caused by; to depend on; to turn on; to be based on; to come from
to shrivel (e.g. cut vegetables, skin); to wilt; to fade; to wither; to be wizened
than; rather than; instead of; from; out of; except