prefix for forming ordinal numbers
20 years old; (arch.) twenty
counter for stories, episodes of TV series, etc.
crash; smashing (into); ramming; clash (of views, interests, teams, etc.); conflict
president (of a society); chairman
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
head (of a household, etc.); leader; owner; proprietor; subject (of a rumour, etc.); doer (of a deed); guardian spirit (e.g. long-resident beast, usu. with mystical powers)
outward appearance; ostensible; public; official
relation; relationship; participation; involvement; influence; effect
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
anyway; anyhow; setting aside ...; regardless of ...; really; truly
why; how; for what reason
chief; main; principal; important
indicates a question; indicates an embedded question; indicates an indirect question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm
when it comes to ...; if one were to speak of ...; by ... you mean ...; when you say ... you mean that ...; whenever ...; if it's ... then (without fail)
at; in; at; when; by; with; so
number one; first; best; most; game; round
great; excellent; distinguished; important; awful; terrible
from; since; through (e.g. a window, door); via; because; as; from (as in "made from")
pupil; student; schoolchild
self-government; autonomy; local (governmental) autonomy
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
face; official stance; public position or attitude (as opposed to private thoughts); ceremony for the erection of the framework of a house
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
good; advantage; sake; purpose; consequence; result
big; large; drastic; full-width cloth (approx. 72 cm wide for traditional Japanese clothing; approx. 140 cm wide for Western clothing)
power; authority; jurisdiction
grant; allowance; endowment; bestowal; assignment; conferment
there (place relatively near listener); there (place just mentioned); that place; then (of some incident just spoken of); that (of point just raised); (arch.) you
not less than ...; ... and over; beyond (e.g. one's expectations); above; the above; the above-mentioned
district; region; the country; countryside; civilian society
handing down (information); legend; tradition; folklore; transmission
if; when; and; as well as; with; together with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.)
to call out (to); to call; to summon (a doctor, etc.); to invite; to designate; to name; to garner (support, etc.)
catfish (esp. the Amur catfish, Silurus asotus); (arch.) earthquake