pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
to approach; to draw near; to be imminent; to press (someone for something); to urge; to compel
(medieval) knight; samurai on horseback
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
wanting (to have); desiring; wishing for; I want (you, them, etc.) to (do)
disturbance; trouble; ups and downs (e.g. in life); vicissitudes; small and large waves
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
preface; foreword; introduction; beginning; start
if; when; and; as well as; with; together with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.)
calamity; disaster; accident
germination; germ; sprout; early sign; beginning; starting to appear
wind; breeze; manner; behaviour; cold; influenza
precious orb; Cintamani stone; wish-fulfilling jewel; hōju; uppermost spherical part of a pagoda finial
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
hand; arm; forepaw; foreleg; handle; hand; worker
tower; steeple; spire; stupa; pagoda; dagoba
from; since; through (e.g. a window, door); via; because; as; from (as in "made from")
to go down and stand; to alight; to get down
abruptly; suddenly; all of a sudden; without warning
overhead; above one's head; high in the sky
to fall (of rain, snow, ash, etc.); to come down; to form (of frost); to beam down (of sunlight or moonlight); to pour in; to visit (of luck, misfortune, etc.)
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
to dislocate one's back; to be unable to stand up due to fear or surprise
why; how; for what reason
to scratch; to perspire; to shovel; to paddle
Lord; Sir; state minister (under the ritsuryō system or Meiji Grand Council system)
astonishment; amazement; surprise; fright; shock
facial expression; countenance; look; appearance; expression (vocal, etc.)
to float; to set afloat; to show on one's face (smile, sadness, etc.); to recall; to call to mind
I; me; oneself; (arch.) you; (arch.) prefix indicating familiarity or contempt
pluralizing suffix; or so; rough indicator of direction, location, amount, etc.; nominalizing suffix
group of mountain nomads (in Japan); group of mountain people; the Sanka
tribe; race; group (of people who share a common feature); gang; tribe (taxonomic rank); group (in the periodic table)
people; citizens; subjects; folk
in accordance with; according to
followers; subordinates; being under someone's command
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed