indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
magic; witchcraft; sorcery; spell
pharmacy; drugstore; chemist's (shop); pharmacist; druggist; chemist
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
braid (hair, cord. etc.); plait
blond hair; blonde hair; golden hair
girl (usu. between 7 and 17); young lady; (arch.) female between 17 and 20 years old (ritsuryō period)
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
to work; to labor; to function; to operate; to commit (e.g. a crime); to perpetrate
inside of a store (restaurant, café, etc.); store interior; on the premises
medicine; pharmaceuticals; efficacious chemical (gunpowder, pesticide, etc.); (pottery) glaze; (illegal) drug; narcotic
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to line up; to set up; to enumerate; to itemize; to be equal (to); to compare well (with)
while; during; while; although; all; both
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
a little; a bit; a little while; a short time; a little way; a short distance
something to think about; one's thoughts; concern; thinking about something; being absorbed in one's thoughts
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
country; state; region; national government; central government; home (i.e. hometown, home country); province (of Japan)
very; extremely; terrible; horrid; remarkable; extraordinary
in front (of); before (e.g. a building); before; earlier; (the) front; frontal part; forward
from; since; through (e.g. a window, door); via; because; as; from (as in "made from")
to go out of use; to become obsolete; to die out; to decline (e.g. of morals); to be lost; to go into decline (of a town, business, etc.)
to finish; to stop; to close (a business, etc.); to close down; to put away; to put back
father; dad; husband; you (of an elderly person older than the speaker); he
truth; reality; proper; right; genuine; authentic
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
king; queen; monarch; the Crown (as a focus of authority in the UK, etc.); the throne
by extension; in turn; by the same token; in addition; as well; consequently
if; when; and; as well as; with; together with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.)
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
hindrance; obstacle; to visit (someone's home); demon who hinders Buddhist training; demon who obstructs sentient beings from maintaining moral behaviour
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
mixing; blending (e.g. spices); compounding (e.g. a medicine); making up; dispensing (a prescription); preparation
teacher; master; religious leader; specialist; five-battalion brigade comprising 2500 men (Zhou dynasty Chinese army)
particularly; especially; in particular; expressly
grandfather; male senior-citizen; old man
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
special; particular; peculiar; unique
force; strength; capability; ability; efficacy; effect; effort