appendix; supplement; annex; extra (of a newspaper or magazine)
king; queen; monarch; the Crown (as a focus of authority in the UK, etc.); the throne
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
careful thought; consideration; deliberation; reflection; rumination; pondering
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
to be at wits' end; to be greatly perplexed; to be troubled
by no means; never!; certainly (not); surely (not); something unexpected; emergency
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
to go smoothly; to turn out well; to do the trick; to have peaceful relations
indicates word or phrase being defined; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); with; (not) as much as; (not) so much as; the fact that
office (e.g. the Oval Office)
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
official letter (from the Emperor, Prime Minister, etc.); personal message; handwritten letter; autograph letter
from; since; through (e.g. a window, door); via; because; as; from (as in "made from")
indicates reason or excuse; indicates dissatisfaction; indicates desire to be pampered or indulged
and; and then; thus; and now; and finally
Empire (of Japan); the (Japanese) Empire; Japan
to write; to compose; to pen; to draw; to paint
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen; to come about
same; identical; equal; anyway; in any case; if one must ...
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
in short; the point is; the important thing is; in a word; basically
where; what place; how much (long, far); what extent
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
country; state; region; national government; central government; home (i.e. hometown, home country); province (of Japan)
at; in; at; when; by; with; so
question (e.g. on a test); problem; problem (e.g. societal, political); question; question (i.e. doubt); public discussion
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to hold in one's arms; to carry in one's arms; to have (problems, debts, etc.); to take on (a responsibility); to employ; to have (on one's staff)
to descend (e.g. a mountain); to go down; to alight (e.g. from bus); to get off; to step down; to retire; to be granted
this is not the time (for that); that's out of the question right now
possibility; chance; potential; potentiality; possibility (modal property of a proposition containing no logical contradiction)
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
I'm told; is what I heard; is how it is, apparently; is what they said
other; another; over; more than; I; me
to send; to dispatch; to see (someone) off; to escort; to bid farewell to (the departed); to say goodbye to; to spend (time)
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
(not) very; (not) so; (not) very much; (not) particularly; (not) especially
to change; to be transformed; to move to; to be different; to be uncommon
and; besides; because; since; the thing is; for one thing
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...; wow