indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
chair; seat; stool; post; position; seat
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
at hand; on hand; way of moving one's arms; skill; money at hand; pocket money
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
several sheets (flat objects)
spelling; orthography; file; pad; bundle
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
one's line of sight; one's gaze; one's eyes (looking); glance; gaze; look
space on a page (e.g. in a newspaper); surface of paper; letter; writings
letter (of an alphabet); character; writing
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to chase; to run after; to follow (a set order, a trend, etc.); to drive out; to get rid of; to drive (e.g. a herd)
to think (about, of); to think over; to consider; to bear in mind; to think (that); to believe; to intend (to do)
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
first (of all); firstly; probably; most likely; more or less (satisfactory); on the whole
even; (if) only; just; besides; on top of that
to erase; to rub out; to turn off (a light, TV, heater, etc.); to switch off; to extinguish (a fire, candle, etc.); to put out; to remove (a smell, pain, etc.)
country; state; region; national government; central government; home (i.e. hometown, home country); province (of Japan)
to destroy; to demolish; to disturb; to put into disorder; to relax (one's pose); to make oneself at ease; to break (a bill)
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
to die; to pass away; to lose spirit; to lose vigor; to cease; to stop
direction; district; area; field (e.g. of study); sphere; quarter
to project; to stand out; to jut out; to go somewhere (e.g. for work); to proceed to; to leave for
army; armed forces; military authorities; team; group
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
evacuation; withdrawal; revocation; repeal; retreat
seems; I think; I guess; right?; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
versus; against; to (e.g. score of 4 to 2, ratio of 3 to 1, vote of 320 to 180); toward ...; to ...; equal footing
to leave (a matter, decision, etc. to someone); to entrust (to someone); to leave (to chance, one's imagination, etc.); to let (take its own course); to use (money, strength, spare time, etc.) to the full; to use freely
to put; to place; to leave (behind); to establish (an organization, a facility, a position, etc.); to set up; to appoint (someone to a certain position); to hire
no problem; all right; not an issue; unobjectionable
imitation; counterfeit; fake; sham; ersatz (object)
the emperor's person; the body of Christ; the Host; the Eucharist
existence; being; presence
to; for; from the standpoint of; as far as ... is concerned
beyond expectations; beyond what one expected; not foreseen; exceeding assumptions
should (be); bound (to be); nock (of a bow); nock (of an arrow); nock-shaped grip (between thumb and forefinger); wooden frame on the tip of the mast of a Japanese ship that prevents the hawser from falling out