culture; civilization; civilisation; Bunka era (1804.2.11-1818.4.22)
indicates word or phrase being defined; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); with; (not) as much as; (not) so much as; the fact that
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
country; state; region; national government; central government; home (i.e. hometown, home country); province (of Japan)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
to walk; to go on foot; to tread (a figurative path); to follow; to advance towards (e.g. a solution); to set out (e.g. on the path to destruction, ruin, etc.)
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
area; region; district; locality
environment; surroundings; circumstances
surroundings; environs; circumference
state of things; state of affairs; situation; conditions; circumstances
and; and then; thus; and now; and finally
there (place relatively near listener); there (place just mentioned); that place; then (of some incident just spoken of); that (of point just raised); (arch.) you
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
to live (on, by, etc.); to lead a life; to make a living; to earn a livelihood; to spend one's time (doing); to pass one's days (doing)
people; men and women; each person; everybody
disposition; temperament; nature; mentality; spirit; character
if; when; and; as well as; with; together with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.)
desire; want; will; wish; urge; craving
to match (rhythm, speed, etc.); to join together; to unite; to face; to be opposite (someone); to compare; to check with
optimization; optimisation
selection; making a choice; sifting; decision to adopt or reject
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to repeat; to do over again
to go; to move (towards); to move through; to travel across; to go (well, badly, etc.); to proceed; to do (in a particular way)
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
as (i.e. in the role of); for (i.e. from the viewpoint of); apart from ... (used to change the topic); even (e.g. "not even a single person"); thinking that ...; trying to ...
to raise; to bring up; to rear; to cultivate; to foster; to nurture
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
to differ; to be different; to disagree; to vary; to diverge
to come into contact with; to touch (each other); to have a brush with
at; in; at; when; by; with; so
opposition; rebellion; rebounding; recoiling; rally (e.g. in stock prices); recovery
permeation (of thought, ideology, culture, etc.); infiltration (e.g. of ideas); permeation (of a liquid, etc.); soaking; osmosis
class; order; et cetera; etc.; equal; iso-
reaction; response; physical reaction (to a stimulus); observable response (of an organism); reaction; effect
an infinite variety of; multifarious; being extremely varied and wide-ranging
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
to touch; to feel; to touch (with); to experience; to come in contact with; to touch on (a subject); to allude to
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
certain; sure; no doubt; reliable; dependable
various; varied; diverse; all sorts of