continent; continental Asia (esp. mainland China); continental Europe
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
place; position; location; position; standing; status
union; combination; association; RENGO (Japanese Trade Union Confederation)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
consists of; comprises; is made up of
town; city; municipal; urban
at; in; at; when; by; with; so
formation; molding; making (up); repair (e.g. with plastic surgery); replacement; -plasty
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
independence; self-reliance; independence (e.g. of a nation); freedom; separation; isolation
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to have; to possess; to own; to be endowed with
one (esp. of two); the other; on the one hand; on the other hand; whereas; although
as (i.e. in the role of); for (i.e. from the viewpoint of); apart from ... (used to change the topic); even (e.g. "not even a single person"); thinking that ...; trying to ...
needle (compass, gauge, etc.); hand (clock); indicator; guiding principle; guideline; guide
head; chief; merit; strong point; superiority; major
representation; representative; exemplification; typification; leader; switchboard number
to try to ...; to be about to do ...; to decide to ...; to take as; to treat as; to use for; to suppose that (such) is the case
Chinese "star" constellation (one of the 28 mansions); Singapore
council (consultatory, advisory); board of trustees
by means of; due to; because of; according to
to decide; to choose; to clinch (a victory); to decide (the outcome of a match); to persist in doing; to go through with; to always do
to go; to move (towards); to move through; to travel across; to go (well, badly, etc.); to proceed; to do (in a particular way)
as (for); for; in the capacity of
100,000,000; one hundred million; 10^8
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
if; when; and; as well as; with; together with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.)
to line up; to stand in a line; to rival; to match; to equal
large country; major nation; great power; province of the highest rank (ritsuryō system)
one; for one thing; only; (not) even; just (e.g. "just try it"); some kind of; one type of
again; once more; also; too; on the other hand; while; and
everything; all; the whole; entirely; completely; wholly
characteristic (of); peculiar (to); inherent (in); eigen-