counter for generations; epoch
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
castle (in place names); castle; fortress
from; since; through (e.g. a window, door); via; because; as; from (as in "made from")
at; in; at; when; by; with; so
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
minute (unit of time); fun (one tenth of a monme, 5.787 grains)
surroundings; environs; circumference
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
deep (hole, forest, snow, etc.); dense (e.g. fog); thick (e.g. weeds, woods); close (e.g. relationship); deep (involvement); intense (e.g. longing, flavor); severe
to drill; to bore; to hit the mark; to get to the heart of (the matter); (arch.) to put on; (arch.) to wear
moat; fosse; canal; ditch
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
thick; deep; kind; cordial; abundant
stone wall; dry wall; rocky cliff; stone precipice
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
to surround; to encircle; to besiege; to lay siege to; to play (go, shogi, etc.)
strict (e.g. security); heavy (e.g. guard); showy; pretentious; impressive; imposing
division; section; compartment; block; plot; lot
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
to be seen; to be visible; to look; to seem; to come
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
but; however; (and) yet; nevertheless; still; for all that
drawbridge; bascule bridge
to cross over; to go across; to extend; to cover; to range
if; when; and; as well as; with; together with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.)
scene; spectacle; sight; view
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
complete change; about-face
counter for large animals (e.g. head of cattle); counter for insects in a collection; counter for helmets, masks, etc.
black; black stone; guilt; guilty person
lion; left-hand (stone) guardian lion-dog at a Shinto shrine
image; figure; figure; form; image
clean; clear; pure; honest; clean
water (esp. cool or cold); fluid (esp. in an animal tissue); liquid; flood; floodwaters; water offered to wrestlers just prior to a bout
to fill (with); to be filled with; to express (an emotion); to project (sadness, joy, etc.); to wear (e.g. a smile)