this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
at (a time or place); in; in (a situation, matter, etc.); on (a point); on the part of; under the authority of
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
power; authority; jurisdiction
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
central part; heart (of a city, etc.)
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen; to come about
inside; interior; among; within; middle; center; during
magnificent; grand; splendid; imposing
to live (of humans); to reside; to inhabit; to dwell; to abide
people (of a country); nation; citizen; Democratic Party for the People
good; advantage; sake; purpose; consequence; result
to pray; to say a prayer; to say grace; to wish; to hope
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
but (still); and yet; nevertheless; even so; notwithstanding
successive generations; successive emperors
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
country; state; region; national government; central government; home (i.e. hometown, home country); province (of Japan)
people; men and women; each person; everybody
from; since; through (e.g. a window, door); via; because; as; from (as in "made from")
the present; present time; as of; present tense; this world; this life
particularly; especially; in particular; expressly
to yearn for; to long for; to follow (someone); to idolize (for virtue, learning, status, etc.)
special; particular; peculiar; unique
measure; step; dealing with; medical treatment
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to give (time, money, goods); to donate; to do; to perform; to apply (processing, makeup, etc.); to add (e.g. ornamentation, annotation)
pure; innocent; pure; unmixed; long kimono made from the same plain-coloured cloth
girl (usu. between 7 and 17); young lady; (arch.) female between 17 and 20 years old (ritsuryō period)
outward appearance; looks
to keep; to preserve; to hold; to last; to endure; to keep well (food)
while; during; while; although; all; both