exception; supernumerary; extra (e.g. performance, item, object, etc.); additional; outsize
compilation (of a text); editing; volume (of a text); completed literary work
law (esp. ancient East Asian criminal code); regulation; vinaya (rules for the monastic community); Ritsu (school of Buddhism); lüshi (style of Chinese poem); (musical) pitch; six odd-numbered notes of the ancient chromatic scale
state (of the US, Australia, India, Germany, etc.); province (e.g. of Canada); continent; province (of Japan); province (of ancient China); prefecture
district; county; district (of 2-20 50-home neighbourhoods or townships, in the ritsuryō period); commandery (in China)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
place; position; location; position; standing; status
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
inside; interior; among; within; middle; center; during
at; in; at; when; by; with; so
remainder; remnant; (not) very; (not) much; too much; excessively; extreme
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen; to come about
town; block; street; road; chō (unit of length, approx. 109.09 m); chō (unit of land area, approx. 0.99 hectares)
abundant; plentiful; rich; wealthy; open (mind); relaxed
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
almost; nearly; hardly; barely; large majority; large proportion
to grow; to spring up; to sprout; to cut (teeth)
to wither completely (of a plant); to dry up completely; to drop all its leaves
plot of land; lot; soil; locality; region; place
existing (at the present moment); alright; acceptable; to be (usu. of inanimate objects); to have
overall; general; as a whole
to descend (e.g. a mountain); to go down; to alight (e.g. from bus); to get off; to step down; to retire; to be granted
to be broken; to break; to break (down); to stop working; to fall through (of a plan, deal, etc.); to collapse
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
many; numerous; large amount of; large quantity of; frequent; common
inhabitant; resident; citizen; population
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
dress; attire; clothing; getup; outfit; personal appearance
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
indicates word or phrase being defined; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); with; (not) as much as; (not) so much as; the fact that
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
poor; needy; lacking (quantity and quality-wise); poor; scanty
person; someone; human beings; mankind; human (Homo sapiens); (other) people; others
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
everywhere; all over; throughout