indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to arrive at (e.g. a decision); to reach (a stage); to lead to (a place); to get to; in the extreme case of; (arch.) to come
sanity; consciousness; soberness
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
first; foremost; most important; best; greatest; above all
to think (about, of); to think over; to consider; to bear in mind; to think (that); to believe; to intend (to do)
necessary; needed; essential; necessity; need; requirement
to recognize; to recognise; to deem; to judge; to approve; to deem acceptable; to admit
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
very; considerably; by no means; not readily; middle; half-way point
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
to start; to begin; to start up (a business, society, etc.); to open (e.g. a store); to start ...; to begin to ...
name; given name; first name
family name; house name; family honour; family honor
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
triple; treble; threefold; three-ply; triplicate
remote region; frontier (district); border(land)
in; at; on; as for; regarding; with regards to
as (i.e. in the role of); for (i.e. from the viewpoint of); apart from... (used to change the topic); even (e.g. "not even a single person"); thinking that...; trying to...
to be born; to come into this world
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
landed farmer; owner farmer
to give one's name (as); to introduce oneself (as); to claim to be; to call oneself; to reveal oneself (as); to admit to being
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
et cetera; etc.; or something; the likes of; for example; for instance
to permit; to allow; to forgive; to pardon; to exempt (someone) from; to remit; to acknowledge
unreasonable; unnatural; impossible; forcible; forced; excessive (work, etc.); immoderate
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as