indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
secret; secrecy; mystery; secret (e.g. to success); esoteric teachings
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
conclusion; decision; end; settlement
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to be attached; to be connected with; to remain imprinted; to scar; to bear (fruit, interest, etc.); to be acquired (of a habit, ability, etc.); to increase (of strength, etc.)
day; days; sun; sunshine; (the) day; daytime; date
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
second day of the month; two days
extent; degree; limit; bounds; (span of) time; (a) distance; the state of
to pass (of time); to elapse
(approximate) time; around; suitable time (or condition); time of year; season
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
difficult problem; challenge
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
confrontation; to face; to confront; to encounter
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
blunder; slip; error; error
to invite; to ask; to beckon; to wave someone in; to call in; to send for
crisis; critical situation; emergency; pinch
diligently; seriously; perfectly; properly; sufficiently; satisfactorily
room; chamber; apartment; flat; stable
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to tidy up; to put in order; to settle (problem); to clear (dispute); to finish; to bring something to an end
such; this sort of; like this
to have been decided (so) that; to have been arranged (so) that; to be the result (of); to be the outcome; to be the reason (for)
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
adds force or indicates command
scolding; telling-off; rebuke; complaint; grumbling; fault-finding
et cetera; etc.; or something; the likes of; for example; for instance
to hear; to listen (e.g. to music); to ask; to enquire; to hear about; to hear of; to follow (advice, order, etc.)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
promptly; immediately; quickly; indifferently
to discover; to find (e.g. an error in a book); to locate; to find (e.g. something missing); to be used to seeing; to be familiar with
to give; to confer; to bestow; to kindly do for one; to oblige; to favour
consequence; outcome; result; blame
what!; oh; what the heck; what the; damn
always; all the time; never; usual; regular
to learn; to acquire knowledge; to carry; to wear (clothes, etc.); to put on
glasses; eyeglasses; spectacles; judgment; judgement; discrimination
to finish; to stop; to close (a business, etc.); to close down; to put away; to put back
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)