indicates word or phrase being defined; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); with; (not) as much as; (not) so much as; the fact that
civilization; civilisation; culture; Bunmei era (1469.4.28-1487.7.20)
to; for; from the standpoint of; as far as ... is concerned
indispensable; essential; requisite; required; compulsory; necessary
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
activity; action; occupation; business; sexual intercourse; sex
for example; for instance; e.g.
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
by means of; due to; because of; according to
language; dialect; word; phrase; speech; (manner of) speaking
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
learning; acquisition (of a skill, knowledge, etc.)
and; besides; because; since; the thing is; for one thing
martial arts; military arts; wushu; modern sport derived from traditional Chinese martial arts
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
and; and then; thus; and now; and finally
black magic; sorcery; magic tricks; juggling
like; similar to; as with; in the same way
altitude; height; elevation; high-degree; high-grade; advanced
technique; art; skill; move
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
predecessor; pioneer; ancestor
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to build up; to establish (one's reputation)
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
system; organization; organisation; architecture
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
to make something one's own; to appropriate for oneself
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
first (of all); firstly; probably; most likely; more or less (satisfactory); on the whole
demand; firm request; requisition; requirement; desire
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
everything; anything; nothing
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
it is ... that ...; precisely; although; while; it is precisely because ... that ...; only because ...
finally; at last; barely; narrowly; gradually; little by little
one's own style; self-taught manner
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
creation; Creation (by God)
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
possible; potential; practicable; feasible
conclusion from reasoning, judgement or calculation based on something read or heard; reason; cause; meaning; circumstances; situation
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do