indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
man; male; fellow; guy; male lover; boyfriend
chapter one; first chapter
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
June; sixth month of the lunar calendar
flower; blossom; cherry blossom; beauty; blooming (esp. of cherry blossoms); ikebana; hanafuda
if; when; and; as well as; with; together with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.)
old; aged; long; since long ago; of the distant past; long-ago
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
to steal; to plagiarize; to steal (a technique, idea, etc.); to do stealthily; to do during scant time; to steal a base
umbrella; parasol; something shaped like an umbrella or a conical hat; shade (of a lamp); mushroom cap
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
slowly; unhurriedly; easily (e.g. in time); well; well (e.g. sleep); comfortably
to spread; to extend; to unfold; to open; to scatter about; to spread around
while; during; while; although; all; both
this way; this direction; here; this (one); I; me
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
twilight; sunset; dusk; evening
than; rather than; instead of; from; out of; except
a little; a bit; a little while; a short time; a little way; a short distance
fast; quick; early; soon; premature; too soon
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
to descend (e.g. a mountain); to go down; to alight (e.g. from bus); to get off; to step down; to retire; to be granted
six o'clock; six periods of a day (morning, midday, afternoon, evening, midnight, late night)
past; after; too (much); over- (e.g. eating)
Ginza (district in Tokyo); busy shopping district; bustling location; silver mint (Edo period)
avenue; boulevard; tree-lined street
leather shoes; leather boots
to shine; to sparkle; to twinkle; to light up (with happiness, hope, etc.); to beam; to gleam
to trample (down); to crush (by trampling); to ravage
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
to approach; to draw near; to get close; to get acquainted with; to get closer to; to get to know
window; window (shop display)
to adhere to; to stick to; to keep close to; to go along with; to get involved with; to be thick with
to hold out; to extend (e.g. a hand); to present; to submit; to sacrifice; to give (up)
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...