indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
country; state; region; national government; central government; home (i.e. hometown, home country); (arch.) province (of Japan)
how; in what way; why; for what reason; cannot possibly; no way
iron (Fe); strong and hard (as iron); railway; railway enthusiast
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
in that way; thus; so; so?
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
than; from; out of; except; but; more
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
same; identical; equal; anyway; anyhow; in either case
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
free (of restraint, controls, etc.); free (of cost); freelance; one-size
on-the-ground reporter; news reporter; legman
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
economy; economics; finance; (one's) finances; being economical; economy
speciality; specialty; subject of study; expert; area of expertise
(not) particularly; (not) especially; (not) specially; separately; apart; additionally
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
how (beautiful, etc.); what a ...; nothing worth mentioning; nothing special; of what name
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
cohabitation (usu. of a romantically involved couple); living together
companion; partner; other party; addressee; opponent (sports, etc.)
lover; sweetheart; boyfriend; girlfriend
like; similar to; (I) think (that); (I) have a feeling (that); feels like; feels similar to
time; season; period; phase; stage
just like that; in the twinkling of an eye; in the blink of an eye; (lit.) in the time it takes to say "ah!"
to pass through; to pass by; to pass (of time); to elapse; to have expired; to have ended; to exceed
to finish; to stop; to close (a business, etc.); to close down; to put away; to put back
still; as yet; (not) yet; more; (more) still; at least
together (with); at the same time; in a lump
to live (of humans); to reside; to inhabit; to dwell; to abide
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing