indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
to cry; to weep; to sob; to howl
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
female; woman; female sex; female lover; girlfriend; mistress
yuzu (Citrus ichangensis x C. reticulata)
thief; burglar; robber; theft; burglary; robbery
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
inside; within; while (e.g. one is young); during; among; amongst; in (secret, chaos, poverty, etc.)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
garden; yard; courtyard; field (of action); area
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to steal; to plagiarize; to steal (a technique, idea, etc.); to do stealthily; to do during scant time; to steal a base
since some time ago; for some time; for quite a while
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
noisy; loud; much talked of; much-discussed; strict; severe
eggs; egg; (hen's) egg; (an expert) in the making; beginning; origin
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to be packed (with); to be full (space, schedule, etc.); to be blocked (road, pipe, nose, etc.); to be clogged; to shorten (width, interval, etc.); to shrink (shirt, word form, etc.); to be at a loss
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
while; during; while; although; all; both
to nod; to bow one's head in assent; to agree
leaving a device on (e.g. TV, air conditioner); leaving something engaged (e.g. a key in a lock)
television; TV; TV program; TV programme; TV broadcast
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
Kyūshū (southernmost of the four main islands of Japan)
northern part; the north (of a region)
to get cloudy; to cloud over; to cloud up; to fog up; to be gloomy; to be clouded (expression)
rain; rainy day; rainy weather; the November suit (in hanafuda)
(just) making sure; just to be sure; just in case; for caution's sake
umbrella; parasol; something shaped like an umbrella or a conical hat; shade (of a lamp); mushroom cap
to hold (in one's hand); to take; to possess; to have; to maintain; to keep; to last
about to start out; just about to leave or go out; outing; trip
please (give me); please (do for me)
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
voice; singing (of a bird); chirping (of an insect); voice; opinion (as expressed in words); sound; sense (of something's arrival)
to be heard; to be audible; to be said to be; to be reputed
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
to hear; to listen (e.g. to music); to ask; to enquire; to hear about; to hear of; to follow (advice, order, etc.)