indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
language; dialect; word; phrase; speech; (manner of) speaking
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to change; to alter; to transform; to reform; to revise; to amend
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
in that way; thus; so; so?
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
the world; society; sphere; circle; world-renowned; world-famous
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
to change; to be transformed; to move to; to be different; to be uncommon
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
what kind of; what sort of; what; no matter what (kind of); whatever; any
to taste; to eat; to drink; to speak (of); to refer (to); to say
chapter; section; medal; badge; insignia
daydream; fantasy; fancy; vision
family; members of a family
in comparison to; rather than
fast; quick; early (in the day, etc.); premature; (too) soon; not yet
to get up; to rise; to wake up; to be awake; to occur (usu. of unfavourable incidents); to happen
slow; time-consuming; late (in the day); towards the end (of the day or night); later (than expected or usual); late
to sleep (lying down); to go to bed; to lie in bed; to lie down; to sleep (with someone, i.e. have intercourse); to lie flat (e.g. of hair); to lie idle (of funds, stock, etc.)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to make; to produce; to prepare (food); to brew (alcohol); to raise; to grow; to till
bento; Japanese box lunch
to hold (in one's hand); to take; to possess; to have; to maintain; to keep; to last
good; advantage; sake; purpose; consequence; result
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
to anyone; to everyone; by anyone; by everyone; in everyone; in anyone
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
although I say; although one might say; although called
to violate the law; to have a brush with the law; to have a run-in with the law
like; similar to; (I) think (that); (I) have a feeling (that); feels like; feels similar to
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
it does not mean that ...; I don't mean that ...; it is not the case that...
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do