Meiji era (1868.9.8-1912.7.30)
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
or; either ... or; maybe; perhaps; some ... and others ...; sometimes ... and at other times ...
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
clerk; office worker; kulak
teacher; instructor; sensei; title or form of address for a teacher, master, doctor, lawyer, etc.; intimate or teasing form of address; (arch.) one's elder
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
your native country; your hometown; my home country (i.e. Japan); countryside; country; (arch.) daimyo's territory (Edo period)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
intimacy; familiarity; closeness
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
professor; teaching; instruction
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
Hokkaido (island, prefectural-level administrative unit)
earth; ground; place; territory; bottom (of a package, book, etc.); earth (one of the five elements)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to request; to beg; to call; to order; to entrust to; to rely on
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
national holiday; festival day
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
body; physical system; (the) person
tempering (metal); annealing; forging; toughening; disciplining; training
also; too; not ... either; (it's not possible) no matter what; although one might wish otherwise
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
nicely; properly; frequently; often; I'm glad that you ...; thank you for ...
high mountain; alpine mountain
to go; to come; to turn out (at a meeting, event, etc.); to show up; to make your way to
student (esp. a university student)
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
always; without exception; necessarily; certainly; without fail; positively
some people; a few people; several people
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
but; however; (and) yet; nevertheless; still; for all that
that day; the very same day
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
occasionally; once in a while; seldom; casually; unexpectedly; accidentally
one person; being alone; being by oneself; being single; being unmarried; by oneself
to be (animate); to be; to be ..ing; to (have the audacity to) do