this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
(what) the heck; (why) in the world; one object; one body; one form; one style
somehow; how; in what way; why; what kind of
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
samurai on horseback; (medieval) knight
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
left and right; right and left; (asserting) control; influence; one's attendants; people accompanying one
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to hold between (e.g. one's fingers, chopsticks); to grip (from both sides); to put between; to sandwich between; to catch (e.g. a finger in a door); to trap; to insert (e.g. a break into proceedings)
though; notwithstanding; although
still; yet; more; still more; as ...; like ...
dignity; majesty; solemnity; gravity
to maintain; to continue to have
severe; strict; hard (to do); difficult; intense (e.g. cold); harsh (weather)
tone (of voice); manner of talking
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
house; residence; family; household; lineage; family name
(present) head of a family
eldest daughter; first-born daughter
to press a question; to cross-examine
Lyon (France); Riom (France); Riyon
friendship; goodwill; friendly relations; amity
body; group; party; company; troupe
life and death; samsara (cycle of death and rebirth); death
unclear; obscure; unknown; unidentified; ignorance; lack of wisdom
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
news; word; tidings; omen
to receive; to get; to catch (e.g. a ball); to be struck by (wind, waves, sunlight, etc.); to sustain (damage); to incur (a loss); to undergo (e.g. surgery)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
to go to bed; to be sick in bed; to be laid up
behind; rear; after; later; remainder; the rest; more (e.g. five more minutes)
to be upset; to lose one's composure; to lose self-control; to put in disorder; to mess up; to disturb