indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
boy; juvenile; young boy; youth; lad
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
figure; form; appearance; dress; state; condition
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
in front (of); before (e.g. a building); before; earlier; (the) front; frontal part; forward
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to appear; to come in sight; to become visible; to be expressed (e.g. emotions); to become apparent (e.g. trends, effects)
past; after; too (much); over- (e.g. eating)
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to clasp; to grasp; to hold (the answer); to have (e.g. the solution); to seize (power); to hold (the reins)
brightness; discernment; insight; eyesight; vision; nth year in the Meiji era (1868.9.8-1912.7.30)
light; illumination; ray; happiness; hope; influence
circle; entirety; whole; money; dough; enclosure inside a castle's walls; soft-shelled turtle
quay; wharf; jetty; wall-like shoreline; cliff wall
slowly; unhurriedly; easily (e.g. in time); well; well (e.g. sleep); comfortably
reaching the shore; docking a boat
to try to ...; to be about to do ...; to decide to ...; to take as; to treat as; to use for; to suppose that (such) is the case
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
metre; meter; meter; gauge
to make round; to roll up; to seduce; to cajole; to round off (a fraction); (arch.) to lump together
to hold (in one's hand); to take; to possess; to have; to maintain; to keep; to last
suddenly; casually; accidentally; incidentally; unexpectedly; unintentionally
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
one person; being alone; being by oneself; being single; being unmarried; by oneself
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
a little; a bit; just a minute; for a moment; somewhat; rather; (not) easily
to take; to pick up; to pass; to hand; to get; to obtain; to adopt (a method, proposal, etc.)
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
ship; boat; tank; tub; counter for boat-shaped containers (e.g. of sashimi)
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to greet; to call out (to); to invite; to get in touch (with); to cheer (on); to give vocal support (to)
to nod; to bow one's head in assent; to agree
light (i.e. not heavy); feeling light (i.e. offering little resistance, moving easily); light (i.e. of foot); effortless; non-serious; minor; slight
to throw; to hurl; to give up; to abandon; to cast (a glance, shadow, doubt, etc.)
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
to seize; to catch; to obtain; to acquire; to understand; to grasp