indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
childhood friend; friend from infancy; old playmate
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
to be generally accepted; to be acknowledged by oneself and others
pigtails; bunches; two ponytails; angel wings
idiot; moron; trivial matter; folly; stupid; foolish
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
so; therefore; accordingly; like I said; I told you already
with the exception of; excepting; excluding
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
it cannot be that...; it is highly unlikely that...; it is impossible that...
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
look!; look out!; hey!; look at me!; there you are!
splendid; nice; sufficient; fine (in the sense of "I'm fine"); well enough; OK
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
and; besides; because; since; the thing is; for one thing
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to come to like; to become fond of; to fall in love
girl; daughter; baby girl; young woman
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
how many times; how many degrees (temperature, angle, etc.)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to hear; to listen (e.g. to music); to ask; to enquire; to hear about; to hear of; to follow (advice, order, etc.)
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
to associate with; to keep company with; to go out with; to go along with; to follow someone's lead; to accompany someone
and the like; such as; or something; something like; I hear that ...; people say that...
ordinary; common; free of charge; unaffected; as is; only
somehow; how; in what way; why; what kind of
human being; human; person; character (of a person)
to be aware of; to know; to notice; to feel; to understand; to comprehend; to remember
behind; rear; after; later; remainder; the rest; more (e.g. five more minutes)
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
change of heart; change of mind; change in love interest
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
to continue; to keep up; to keep on
(idle) curiosity; fancifulness; whimsy; (having) strange tastes