oh; ho; exclamation of surprise, admiration, etc.; hoo (owl call); toot (sound of a flute)
confections; sweets; candy; cake
adds force or indicates command
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
box; case; car (of a train, etc.); shamisen case; shamisen; public building; community building
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to hold (in one's hand); to take; to possess; to have; to maintain; to keep; to last
to come along; to come around; to turn up; to arrive at the present; to get where one is; to have been doing something (for a period of time)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
set; set meal; combo-meal; hairdo
to enter; to go into; to break into; to join; to enroll; to contain; to hold
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
and the like; such as; or something; something like; I hear that ...; people say that...
financier (type of pastry)
near; close; close (in time); soon; close (relationship); friendly
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
I wonder; should I?; is it?; I wish that; I hope that
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
Middle Ages (in Japan esp. the Kamakura and Muromachi periods); medieval times; mediaeval times
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
just (e.g. "just wait here"); come now; tolerably; passably; well...; I think...
to resemble; to look like; to be like; to be alike; to be similar; to take after
like; similar to; (I) think (that); (I) have a feeling (that); feels like; feels similar to
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
somewhere; anywhere; in some respects
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
and; besides; because; since; the thing is; for one thing
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
distinction; difference; separate; different; exception; exclusion
the world; society; sphere; circle; world-renowned; world-famous
so; therefore; accordingly; like I said; I told you already
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
wow!; oh!; yeah!; alright!; waah!; boohoo!
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker