pine tree (Pinus spp.); highest (of a three-tier ranking system)
feudal domain (Edo and early Meiji periods, precursor to current prefectures); fiefdom; province
salmon (Salmonidae spp.); chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta)
fishing; gathering seafood (e.g. clams, seaweed); catch (e.g. of fish); haul
interior; backwoods; hinterland; back regions
advance (into a new market or stage of progress); launching (a new career or venture); expanding (into a new market); stepping forward; emerging
Genbun era (1736.4.28-1741.2.27)
7 or 3 ratio; hair parted on one side
carrying out one's duties; ruling a fief; ruling a territory given by one's liege; territory given by one's liege; fief
(one's) master; Lord; the main thing; the majority
point; tip; head (of a line); front; first; before; (the way) ahead
something broad and flat; common; ordinary; low-ranking employee; freshman
to order; to command; to appoint
good fortune; happiness; blessing; good luck
contract (for work); contracting; undertaking
hereditary disposition; temperament; nature; (arch.) body build
development; exploitation
koku; traditional unit of volume, approx. 180.4 litres; measure of a Japanese-style boat's loading capacity (approx. 278.26 liters)
Yezo (northern part of Meiji-era Japan, esp. Hokkaido, but also Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands); Edo-period realm of the Ainu (as opposed to the Japanese) comprising most of Hokkaido
often; again and again; frequently; repeatedly
making frequent appearances; appearing often; appearing and disappearing
the north; northward; northern direction; northern part (e.g. of a country); northern district
defense; defence; guard; policing; security
taking turns on duty (esp. daimyo's retainers on duty in Edo)
educational policies or administration; Bunsei era (1818.4.22-1830.12.10)
bribe; sweetener; douceur
right of control; supremacy; sovereignty
system; organization; organisation; imperial command; laws; regulation
setting (someone) to work; employment; using; causative (verb, etc.)
large (amount of money); huge; hefty; expensive
honorific/polite/humble prefix; honorific suffix
payment to the government
shifting (the burden) onto; ill effects; negative consequences; burden
(not) anything; (nothing) at all; and everything else; and all; (not) at all; (not) in the least
to be added to; to be appended; to join in (e.g. a group of friends); to participate; to increase (e.g. heat); to gain in (e.g. influence)
food (esp. staple food such as rice or wheat); provisions; rations; food supply
men and women; man and woman; both sexes; both genders