foreword; preface; introduction; postscript
geisha; professional female entertainer, usu. at traditional banquets
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
period; epoch; the times; those days; oldness; ancientness
concerning; regarding; per (e.g. 100 yen per person); for every
book; volume; this; present; main; head
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to include (in a group or scope); to instruct; to make one understand; to include (a nuance); to put in (an implication); to put in (someone's) mouth
various; a variety of; all kinds of; many; diverse
to take out; to get out; to put out; to reveal; to submit (e.g. thesis); to turn in; to publish
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
to live (of humans); to reside; to inhabit; to dwell; to abide
the world; society; sphere; circle; world-renowned; world-famous
that is to say; that is; in short; in brief; clogging; obstruction; shrinkage
red-light district; pleasure quarters; world of the geisha; demimonde
(not) always; (not) necessarily; (not) entirely; (not) all
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
indicates word or phrase being defined; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); with; (not) as much as; (not) so much as; the fact that
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
circumstances; conditions; situation; reasons; state of affairs
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
to give birth; to bear (child); to lay (eggs); to produce; to yield; to give rise to
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
and; besides; because; since; the thing is; for one thing
in that way; thus; so; so?
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
Edo (shogunate capital, now Tokyo); Yedo
showy; brilliant; gorgeous; florid; gay
to pass; to elapse; to pass through; to go through; to experience; to go through
Taishō era (1912.7.30-1926.12.25); Taisho era
early (days); initial stage; initial
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
to go to ruin; to go under; to fall; to be destroyed; to die out; to become extinct