enterprise; business; company; corporation
nationalization; nationalisation
political affairs; all phases of government
axis; shaft; center; centre; stalk; stem
somewhere; anywhere; in some respects
strict; close; precise; scrupulous
place; situation; position; location
standard; basis; criterion; norm; reference; datum
purposely (of something needless, unexpected or seemingly counterproductive, etc.); daringly (doing something); not necessarily; not particularly; (arch.) definitely not
one by one; each; every; at intervals of
halving; dividing (into two parts); bisection; the two equinoxes (vernal and autumnal)
implication; nuance; shade of meaning; connotation
wartime regime; war footing
messy; confused; chaotic; complaining about various things
to mix; to stir; to blend
the Industrial Revolution
to protect; to guard; to defend; to keep (i.e. a promise); to abide (by the rules); to observe
common knowledge; being well-known; making (something) well-known
early (days); initial stage; initial
present day; modern times; recent times; early modern period (in Japan, usu. from the Meiji Restoration until the end of World War II)
class; level; stratum; layer; hierarchy
to play a central role; to take a leading part
to build up; to complete; to construct; to make up; to fabricate; to invent
simply put; putting it simply; in short
king; queen; monarch; the Crown (as a focus of authority in the UK, etc.); the throne
to succeed; to relieve; to take the place of; to substitute for; to be exchanged; to change (places with)
cheap; inexpensive; calm; peaceful; quiet
origin; beginning; source; rise
discomfort; inconvenience; poverty; want; inability; disability
when it becomes; when it comes to
employee; worker; laborer (labourer); blue-collar worker
petty bourgeois; lower middle class
to raise an objection; to voice an opinion different from those of others
inducing; causing; triggering; giving rise to
March Revolution (Austria and Germany, 1848); February Revolution (Russia, 1917)
rise (e.g. of a movement); emergence; rearing one's head; gaining prominence; coming to the fore; gaining power