chapter one; first chapter
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
transmission; propagation; spread; circulation; diffusion; dissemination
diffusion; spread; popularization; promulgation; familiarization
tree; shrub; bush; wood; timber
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to detach; to decapitate; to cut loose; to let loose; to dismember
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to be able (in a position) to do; to be up to the task; to be ready; to be completed; to be made; to be built; to be good at
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
chapter; section; medal; badge; insignia
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
in accordance with; according to; as X, then Y (e.g. as we age we gain wisdom, as wine matures it becomes more valuable, etc.)
as (i.e. in the role of); for (i.e. from the viewpoint of); apart from... (used to change the topic); even (e.g. "not even a single person"); thinking that...; trying to...
raw materials; ingredients
legume (esp. edible legumes or their seeds, e.g. beans, peas, pulses); bean; soya bean (Glycine max); soybean; female genitalia (esp. the clitoris); kidney; small
or; either ... or; maybe; perhaps; some ... and others ...; sometimes ... and at other times ...
fruit; nut; berry; fruits; profit
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to bear (a child); to be born; to produce; to yield; to be produced
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to wring (towel, rag); to squeeze; to squeeze (fruit to extract juice); to press; to rack (one's brains); to strain (one's voice); to extort
to state; to express; to mention
to decide to; to pretend that; to make a practice of doing; to make it a rule to
details; particulars; detailed; specific; close-up view (of a digitally displayed map); zoomed-in view
study; research; investigation
result; consequence; coming to fruition; bearing fruit; as a result; consequently
cause; seed; variety; kind; counter for varieties
present (e.g. government, administration); current; existing
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
there (place relatively near listener); there (place just mentioned); that place; then (of some incident just spoken of); that (of point just raised); (arch.) you