head; hair (on one's head); mind; brains; leader; chief; top
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
rubbish; trash; garbage; refuse; litter
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to throw away; to cast away; to abandon; to desert; to give up; to resign
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
instant; moment; for an instant
at; in; at; when; by; with; so
to wake up; to awake; to awaken to (instinct, ability, perception, etc.); to become aware of; to come to one's senses
person; -er; (arch.) expert; (arch.) geisha; (arch.) prostitute
Carnegie Mellon University
expert; learned person; doctor; PhD; instructor at the imperial court (ritsuryō period); pitch and length marks (to accompany a Buddhist liturgical chant, etc.)
(United States of) America; USA
earth; ground; place; territory; bottom (of a package, book, etc.); earth (one of the five elements)
-ian (e.g. Italian); -ite (e.g. Tokyoite); -er (e.g. performer, etc.); person working with ...; man; person
first; firstly; first of all; Introduction; Preface
cleaning; sweeping; dusting; scrubbing
to start; to begin; to start up (a business, society, etc.); to open (e.g. a store); to start ...; to begin to ...
from; since; through (e.g. a window, door); via; because; as; from (as in "made from")
to give birth; to bear (child); to lay (eggs); to produce; to yield; to give rise to
trouble; troubles; worry; distress; sorrows; anguish
various; a variety of; variously; in various ways; various things; this and that
inside; interior; among; within; middle; center; during
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
messy; confused; chaotic; in a nagging manner; (complaining) about various things
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have ...-ed; to be ...-ed
to clear up; to clear away; to refresh (e.g. spirits); to be cleared (e.g. of a suspicion); to be dispelled; to be banished
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
already; yet; soon; shortly; further; more
how many years; how long; what year
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
this sort of; this kind of; like this; such
refreshingly; with a feeling of relief; shapely; neatly; cleanly; without trouble; clearly
state; condition; situation; appearance; circumstances
to live; to exist; to make a living; to subsist; to be in effect; to be in use
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...; wow
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
study; diligence; working hard; experience; knowledge; discount
concentration (on a task); focusing one's attention; concentration (of population, buildings, power, etc.); centralization; within a collection of works
bad; wrong; must not (do, be); should not; useless; no good; hopeless
by the way; incidentally; sometimes; occasionally; precisely (at that time); exactly
immediately; right away; at once; instantly
another place; some other place; another (person or thing); other; beyond (one's expectations, imagination, etc.); outside
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work