poverty-stricken; destitute; poor; penurious
shogunal vassal; direct retainer of a shogun
merchant; trader; tradesman; dealer; shopkeeper
advance (into a new market or stage of progress); launching (a new career or venture); expanding (into a new market); stepping forward; emerging
creation of heaven and earth
talking politics; discussion of a law case
lower grade; low class; junior (officer)
(real) ability; true strength; merit; arms; force
to hesitate; to have scruples; to be afraid of what others may think; to lord it over; to have great influence
byway; bypath; byroad; loophole; excuse
chōnin (Edo-period social class of town-dwelling commoners, esp. landowning merchants); townspeople; townsfolk; tradespeople
rising; developing; emergent; burgeoning; new
to disperse; to chase away; to pursue relentlessly; to be in hot pursuit
morality; moral principles
stronghold (esp. of an enemy or opponent); inner citadel; bastion
honour; honor; dignity; prestige; reputation; appearances
(outward) appearance; (proper) format (e.g. of an essay); form; appearances; decency; lip-service
financial power; financial means; wealth
military administration; military government; military junta; government affairs relating to the military
to give off sparks; to spark; to scintillate; to have a heated argument; to combat; to do something fiercely
clever; intelligent; well-behaved (esp. children and pets); obedient; (arch.) good (with words)
leading actor; star; leading figure; central figure; key figure
open; unconcealed; undisguised; broad; lewd; indecent
benevolence (esp. as a virtue of Confucianism); consideration; human; kernel; nucleolus
feces (esp. animal); excrement; dung
to take measures; to work out a plan; to lecture; to read aloud; to confer
filial duties; devotion to one's parents
to indulge in; to give oneself up to; to be obsessed by; to be engrossed in; to be lost in; to be absorbed in
retainer; subject; vassal; servant
upstart; parvenu; jumped-up person
prime minister (as the head of a cabinet government); premier
to excuse oneself; to take one's leave; to resign (post); to quit; to decline; to turn down
laws regulating expenditures; sumptuary edicts; thrift ordinance
random firing; reckless firing; excessive issue
splendor; splendour; gorgeousness; showiness; gaudiness; extravagance
public finance; financial affairs; financial situation
drying up; running dry; running out; being exhausted; being drained
civil engineering and construction
disorder; confusion; chaos
notables; dignitaries; illustrious families; clear; plain; obvious
that is to say; so that means