group; faction; (political) faction; wing; school (of thought, painting, etc.); sect
trouble; difficulty; hospitality; treatment; treat
to press forward; to forge ahead; to push on
constant; persistent; indecisiveness; usual; normal
aristocratism; patricianism; concept that only the nobility is qualified to rule
mess; sorry state; -ways; -wards; in the act of ...; just as one is ...
political system; political institution; regime
wise man; philosopher; sage
mutation; change; vicissitude
propensity; tendency; inclination; deflection
scale; scope; plan; structure
to gather up; to scrape up together; to rake
to fight with each other; to fight amongst yourselves
imitation; fake; phony; pseudo-
mountain stream; valley; dale; wetlands; swamp; marsh
good fortune (esp. omikuji fortune-telling result); good luck; auspiciousness; unspecified day of the month (used to obscure the date a letter, invitation, etc. was written)
Fukuzawa Yukichi (1834-1901)
Sinology; study of China or of the Chinese classics
Western learning (introduced to Japan in the late-Edo and early-Meiji periods)
conversion; shift; about-face; switch
intelligence; discernment
understanding person; supporter
on the occasion of; at the time of; when; during
outline; summary; gist; in brief
text (of a book, document, etc.); body (of a letter); this passage; this sentence
to state one's opinion; to offer one's opinion; to opine
the West; the Occident; Western countries
to recite; to chant; to cry; to yell; to advocate; to advance
to take by surprise; to startle; to shock
predecessor; pioneer; ancestor
artifact; relic (of a past civilization); relic (of a former age); vestige of a bygone era; anachronism; outdated thing
polish (jewels); cultivation
bringing up to date; progress
to change into; to be transformed; to be transfigured; to transform; to alter; to convert
nothing; naught; nought; un-; non-
to be due to; to be caused by; to depend on; to turn on; to be based on; to come from
bhava (becoming, existence)