text (of a book, document, etc.); body (of a letter); this passage; this sentence
illustration; picture; sketch; drawing; figure
something broad and flat; common; ordinary; low-ranking employee; freshman
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
photography (still or motion); photographing; filming; shooting; (video) recording
model; dummy; model (profession); fashion model; model (of a vehicle, machine, etc.); version; model (e.g. mathematical)
good luck; fortune; happiness; harvest; yield
Yamaguchi (city, prefecture)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
as a rule; in general; in principle; basically; essentially; fundamentally
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
December; twelfth month of the lunar calendar
information; news; intelligence; information; data contained in characters, signals, code, etc.
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
origin; source; base; basis; cause; ingredient; material
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
manuscript; copy; draft; notes; contribution
writing (e.g. as a profession)
to perform; to do; to conduct oneself; to carry out
himself; yourself; herself
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
honorific/polite/humble prefix; honorific suffix
confirmation; verification; validation; review; check; affirmation
please (give me); please (do for me)
self-analysis; autoanalysis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
necessary; needed; essential; necessity; need; requirement
endorsing and questioning the preceding statement; lamenting reflections on the preceding statement
job hunting; job searching
in; on; at (place); as for; regarding
from now on; after this; in the future; from here; from this point
job hunting; job searching
everyone; everybody; all; everything; all
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
this sort of; this kind of; like this; such
language; dialect; word; phrase; speech; (manner of) speaking
once; one time; temporarily; for a moment; one degree; one tone
to hear; to hear by chance; to hear by accident; to catch (the sound)
(for something) to have occurred; to have done (something); (for something) to happen on occasion