tax paid to avoid forced labor (ritsuryo period); tax in kind; mediocrity
(metropolitan) prefecture (of Osaka and Kyoto); the centre or seat (of) (center); (government) office; fu; historical administrative unit in China, Korea and Vietnam
returning (to the authorities); restoring
cloth; bujian (spade-shaped bronze coin of ancient China)
manual labor; manual labour; toil; Labour Party
conscription; (military) draft; (compulsory) enlistment
Northern Court (of Japan; 1336-1392); Northern Dynasty; Northern Dynasties (of China; 420-589)
enforcement; implementation; putting into practice; carrying out; operation; working (e.g. working parameters)
study; scholarship; learning; discipline; branch of learning; (a) science
encouragement; promotion; inducement; incitement; stimulation
department; section; course (of study); branch of study; (taxonomical) family
action; behavior; behaviour; (arch.) recommendation (of a person for a position)
examination; exam; test; trial; experiment; test
recommendation; referral; endorsement
to push aside; to overcome (e.g. difficulties); to align; to put in order; (arch.) to push open
the precedence of merit; performance orientation; ability-based (promotion, pay scale, etc.); merit-based
to change; to alter; to transform; to reform; to revise; to amend
character (esp. kanji); letter; handwriting; penmanship; the ... word (e.g. "the L word" = "love")
to warm (e.g. one's hands over a fire); to dry; to toast; to grill; to broil
to blaze down on; to beat down on; to shine down upon
indeed; really; very; extremely; absolutely; certainly
naming (esp. of a commercial product or company); branding
convenient; handy; useful
when it comes to ...; where ... is concerned; if it's the case that ...; if it turns out that ...; if it's true that ...
vast; huge; immense; malva nut (Sterculia lychnophora)
estimate (of costs); budget
terrible; dreadful; amazing (e.g. of strength); great (e.g. of skills); to a great extent; vast (in numbers)
instead; but (on the other hand)
severe; harsh; hard; cruel; rigorous
military strength; military personnel
transport; transportation
near; neighbourhood; nearly (e.g. "it took nearly one year"); close to; shortly; soon
to dig; to excavate; to delve into; to dig up (e.g. vegetables); (for two men) to have anal sex
to be a match for; to rival; to equal; to compare with; to be equivalent to
excavation; cutting; digging
labour; labor; effort; toil; trouble
physical distribution; distribution of goods; logistics
aorta; (fig.) important traffic route
inheritance; bequest; legacy; heritage