difficulty; hardship; trouble; infeasibility; inability (to carry out)
in conflict; incompatible; out of harmony; running counter; mutually exclusive; clashing with
radical party; extremists
part; assigning (allotment of) parts; role; duties
to carry on one's shoulder; to shoulder; to bear; to bear (burden, responsibility, etc.); to take upon oneself
Tang dynasty (of China; 618-907); T'ang dynasty; (arch.) China; (arch.) foreign country
agglutination; adhesion; fusion; combination; blending; uniting
increase in sophistication; enhancement of functionality; increase in speed; upgrading
zero; 0; nought; nothing; zilch
to play a role; to serve a function; to play a part
activity (esp. energetic); great efforts; conspicuous service; to flourish; to participate actively; to play an active role
caliph; chief civil and religious Muslim ruler (prior to 1924)
to go through the proper procedures; to follow the required steps
Rashidun period (the period of the Rightly Guided Caliphs, 632-661 CE)
extent; scope; sphere; range; span
turning point; tipping point; commutation point
for generations; hereditary; generation after generation
descendant; posterity; offspring
large number (of); many; majority
influential person; powerful person; big wheel; big gun; power behind the throne
core; heart (of the matter); point; crux; kernel
interior; inside; internal
open seam; seam that has come apart; tear
favorable treatment; favourable treatment; hospitality; warm reception; good treatment; hearty welcome
to talk; to speak; to tell; to explain; to speak (a language)
kernel; core; nucleus; center; centre
extensive; vast range; wide scope
to come together; to join; to get married; to become a married couple
jizya (historical Islamic tax levied on non-Muslims); jezia; jezya
kharaj (Islamic tax on land); haraj
furious opposition; strong opposition; vehement protest
after all; in the end; conclusion; end; end of a game of go, shogi, etc.