spirit of self-reliance; feeling of independence
stubborn; obstinate; pigheaded
activity (esp. energetic); great efforts; conspicuous service; to flourish; to participate actively; to play an active role
firm; strong; solid; stable
inner-city area; city center
trace; tracks; site; remains; scar
Metropolis (of Tokyo); (Tokyo) Metropolitan District; counter for cities and towns; capital
traffic conditions (e.g. heavy traffic); transportation situation (e.g. bad roads)
blank form; sheets of paper; sheet of paper
item; commodity; list of articles
exposure; sensitization; sensitisation
wood; lumber; (raw) material; stuff; talent; ability
edition; version; plate; block; editions of a publication
materials; ingredients; material (for a novel, experiment, etc.); subject matter; grounds (for a decision, judgement, etc.); basis
charm; fascination; glamour; glamor; attraction; appeal
establishment; founding; incorporation (of a business)
Hiroshima (city, prefecture)
dropping; unloading; grated vegetables, fruit, etc.; grater; using new tools (or clothes, etc.); new tools (or clothes, etc.)
hostel; dormitory; (arch.) bureau (government department beneath a ministry under the ritsuryo system); (arch.) tea-ceremony room; (arch.) villa
to continue (for a long time); to occur in succession; to come next (e.g. on TV)
floating; drifting; weightlessness; softly; gently; lightly
distinction; discrimination; distinguishing; discernment
left and right; right and left; (asserting) control; influence; one's attendants; people accompanying one
pushing from behind; backing; supporting; instigation; instigator
member of one's in-group (e.g. family member, colleague)
both countries; Ryōgoku (area of Tokyo)
president (of a society); chairman
eldest son (may be the only son); first-born son