indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to lose; to miss (a change, opportunity); to lose (a loved one); to be bereaved of; to concede (goals, points, etc.)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
that child; that kid; that boy; (arch.) you
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to meet (by chance); to come across; to meet (e.g. of rivers, highways, etc.); to emerge and engage (an enemy)
illness (usu. excluding minor ailments, e.g. common cold); disease; bad habit; bad behaviour; crazy; insane
to be aware of; to know; to notice; to feel; to understand; to comprehend; to remember
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
(not) anything; (nothing) at all; and everything else; and all; (not) at all; (not) in the least
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
such; like that; that sort of; very
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
to; for; from the standpoint of; as far as ... is concerned
surgery; operation; procedure; skill with one's hands; sleight of hand
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
end; conclusion; last; final; no sooner than; once
that's the way it is; yes; is that so?; is it?
Wuhuan (proto-Mongolic nomadic people)
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
professor; teaching; instruction
and; moreover; besides; as well as; and on top of that; at the same time
special; particular; peculiar; unique
circumstances; conditions; situation; reasons; state of affairs
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
reason; cause; circumstances
faculty; professorate; group of professors
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to have the privilege of doing
plain; field; hidden (structural) member; wild; lacking a political post
source; origin; cause; beginning; genesis
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)