indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
approximation; having a close resemblance
suffix for familiar person
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
adds force or indicates command
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
flurry of snow in a clear sky; winter wind which brings scattered snowflakes or raindrops; skin eruptions cause by a cold or fever
to conceal oneself; to hide; to endure; to bear; to stand
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
no; nay; well; er; you're welcome; not at all
ninja; person trained in ninjutsu and employed for covert purposes in feudal Japan
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
honorific/polite/humble prefix
that being the case; because of ...; the reason is ...; given that ...
fast; quick; early (in the day, etc.); premature; (too) soon; not yet
haze (esp. in spring); mist; dimness (of sight)
new record (in sports, etc.)
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
in that way; thus; so; so?
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
everyone; everybody; all; everything; all
to be (animate); to be; to be ..ing; to (have the audacity to) do