indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
collar; lapel; neckband; nape of the neck; scruff of the neck
all present; all concerned; all of us
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
force; strength; capability; ability; efficacy; effect; effort
wedge; chock; linchpin; tie; bond
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
everyone; everybody; all; everything; all
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
star (usu. not including the Sun); planet (usu. not including Earth); star (glyph, symbol, shape); star (actor, player, etc.); small dot; spot; star point (in go)
hah (derisively); pooh; pfft (of something disappearing); poof; huff; puff
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
still; as yet; (not) yet; more; (more) still; at least
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
adds force or indicates command
life; life force; lifetime; lifespan; most important thing; foundation
Chinese "star" constellation (one of the 28 mansions); Singapore
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
to make war (on); to wage war (against); to compete (against); to struggle (against adversities, etc.); to fight
companion; fellow; group; company; member of the same category (family, class)
mission; errand; task; duty; obligation
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
so; therefore; accordingly; like I said; I told you already