indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
collar; lapel; neckband; nape of the neck; scruff of the neck
everyone; everybody; all; everything; all
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
sky; heaven; God; svarga (heaven-like realm visited as a stage of death and rebirth); deva (divine being of Buddhism); top (of a book); sole (of a Japanese sandal)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
all present; all concerned; all of us
Chinese "star" constellation (one of the 28 mansions); Singapore
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
now; the present time; just now; another; more
full moon; 15th day of the lunar month
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
adds force or indicates command
clothing; dressing; binding (of a book)
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
force; strength; capability; ability; efficacy; effect; effort
the past; bygone days; one's past (that one would prefer remained secret); past (tense); preterit; previous life
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
to protect; to guard; to defend; to keep (i.e. a promise); to abide (by the rules); to observe
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
wow!; oh!; yeah!; alright!; waah!; boohoo!
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...