indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
in (of a ball, in tennis, etc.); inside the line; in; inside; enter here; enter
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
(arch.) the art of war; (arch.) martial arts; military force; the sword; valor; bravery
box; case; car (of a train, etc.); shamisen case; shamisen; public building; community building
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
muscle; tendon; vein; artery; fiber; fibre; line
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
force; strength; capability; ability; efficacy; effect; effort
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
all present; all concerned; all of us
Chinese "star" constellation (one of the 28 mansions); Singapore
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
collar; lapel; neckband; nape of the neck; scruff of the neck
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
adds force or indicates command
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
sky; heaven; God; svarga (heaven-like realm visited as a stage of death and rebirth); deva (divine being of Buddhism); top (of a book); sole (of a Japanese sandal)
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
now; the present time; just now; another; more
to throw down; to bring down; to kill; to defeat; to overthrow; to trip up
first-person plural (or singular); second or third person plural (implies speaker is of higher status than those referred to)
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen